Central cellular signaling pathways involved with the regulation of lipid metabolism in the liver: a review

The liver is primarilyresponsible for energy homeostasis and the regulation of lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Lipid metabolism consists of distributing lipids to peripheral tissues or ensuring their return to the liver to be reprocessed. Additionally, cellular metabolism isregulated by several molecules in different signaling pathways. Lipid homeostasis in the liver is mainly regulated by AKT, AMPK, SREBP, PPAR, and JNK. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway results in the biosynthesis of macromolecules and regulates lipogenesis and the expression of lipogenic genes. AMPK is an energy sensor that regulates metabolism and is activated when stored ATP is depleted, and it is responsible for the suppression of several key lipogenic factors in the liver related to cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. SREBPs control lipogenic geneexpressionandcholesterol metabolism and actin the nutritional regulation of fatty acids and triglycerides. The continued activation of SREBPs is associated with cellular stress, inflammation and ultimately steatosis. PPARs are intrinsically important regulators of lipid metabolism. These genes are essential tovarious metabolic processes, especially lipid and glucose homeostasis, and can play a role in cell differentiation. JNK signaling is related to insulin resistance and its activation results in decreased mitochondrial activity and fat accumulation. Therefore, the study of cell signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism and liver function may help to identify abnormalities and develop strategies to manage and regulate metabolic disorders and resulting complications.

Biopolymer-based membranes associated with osteogenic growth peptide for guided bone regeneration.

Barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) mainly promote mechanical maintenance of bone defect space and induce osteopromotion. Additionally, biopolymer-based membranes may provide greater bioactivity and biocompatibility due to their similarity to extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, biopolymers-based membranes from bacterial cellulose (BC) and collagen (COL) associated with osteogenic growth peptide (OGP(10-14)) were evaluated to determine in vitro osteoinductive potential in early osteogenesis; moreover, histological study was performed to evaluate the BC-COL OGP(10-14) membranes on bone healing after GBR in noncritical defects in rat femur. The results showed that the BC-COL and BC-COL OGP(10-14) membranes promoted cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cell cultures. However, ECM mineralization was similar between cultures grown on BC OGP(10-14) and BC-COL OGP(10-14) membranes. In vivo results showed that all the membranes tested, including the peptide-free BC membrane, promoted better bone regeneration than control group. Furthermore, the BC-COL OGP(10-14) membranes induced higher radiographic density in the repaired bone than the other groups at 1, 4 and 16 weeks. Histomorphometric analyses revealed that the BC-COL OGP(10-14) induced higher percentage of bone tissue in the repaired area at 2 and 4 weeks than others membranes. In general, these biopolymer-based membranes might be potential candidates for bone regeneration applications.

Desarrollo de cobertura y su evaluación en el tratamiento de las heridas crónicas / Desenvolvimento de cobertura e sua avaliação no tratamento de feridas crônicas / Development of coverage and its evaluation in the treatment of chronic wounds

Objective. To describe the development of the bacterial cellulose coating with anti-inflammatory Ibuprofen (BC/Ibu) and to evaluate the cicatrization process with its use in patients with chronic wounds of venous and diabetic etiology. Methods. Longitudinal descriptive study. The cellulose membrane, cultivated with bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus and with incorporation of Ibuprofen, was used in the treatment of patients with chronic wounds in public health services in a Brazilian municipality. The ideal coverage characteristics were evaluated through physical, chemical and cell proliferation tests. Results. The sample consisted of 14 patients (10 women and 4 men), 8 with venous ulcer, 5 with diabetic foot and one with mixed wound. There was reduction of area and pain in 9 lesions; total healing of 3 wounds; and debridement of the devitalized tissue in 5 wounds with increased area. The use of the membrane was important in the reduction of pain, exudation and ease in the accomplishment of the curative. Conclusion. BC/Ibu favored the cicatrization process of patients with chronic vasculogenic wounds.(AU)

Objetivo. Describir el desarrollo de la cobertura de celulosa bacteriana con antiinflamatorio Ibuprofeno (CB/Ibu) y evaluar el proceso de cicatrización en la utilización en pacientes con heridas crónicas de etiología venosa y diabética. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo longitudinal. La membrana de celulosa, cultivada con bacterias Gluconacetobacter xylinus y con incorporación del Ibuprofeno se utilizó en el tratamiento de pacientes con heridas crónicas en servicios de atención pública de un municipio brasileño. Se evaluaron características de cobertura ideal mediante pruebas físicas, químicas y de proliferación celular. Resultados. La muestra fue constituida por 14 pacientes (10 mujeres y 4 hombres): 8 con úlcera venosa, 5 con pie diabético y uno con herida mixta. Se redujo el área y el dolor en 9 lesiones; la cicatrización total de 3 heridas; y el debridamiento del tejido desvitalizado en 5 heridas con aumento del área. El uso de la membrana de celulosa disminuyó el dolor de la exudación y facilitó la realización del vendaje. Conclusión. La CB/Ibu favoreció el proceso de cicatrización de los pacientes con heridas crónicas vasculogénicas.(AU)

Objetivo. Descrever o desenvolvimento da cobertura de celulose bacteriana com anti-inflamatório Ibuprofeno (CB/Ibu) e avaliar o processo de cicatrização com a sua utilização em pacientes com feridas crônicas de etiologia venosa e diabética. Métodos. Estudo descritivo longitudinal. A membrana de celulose, cultivada com bactérias Gluconacetobacter xylinus e com incorporação do Ibuprofeno, foi utilizada no tratamento de pacientes com feridas crônicas em serviços de atendimento público de um município brasileiro. Foram avaliadas as características de cobertura ideal mediante testes físicos, químicos e de proliferação celular. Resultados. A amostra foi constituída por 14 pacientes (10 mulheres e 4 homens), sendo 8 com úlcera venosa, 5 com pé diabético e um com ferida mista. Houve redução da área e da dor em 9 lesões; cicatrização total de 3 feridas; e o debridamento do tecido desvitalizado em 5 feridas com aumento da área. O uso da membrana além da diminuição da dor, da exsudação e facilidade na realização do curativo. Conclusão. A CB/Ibu favoreceu o processo cicatrização dos pacientes com feridas crônicas vasculogênicas. (AU)

Nanocellulose-collagen-apatite composite associated with osteogenic growth peptide for bone regeneration.

Despite advances in the field of biomaterials for bone repair/regeneration, some challenges for developing an ideal bone substitute need to be overcome. Herein, this study synthesized and evaluated in vitro a nanocomposite based on bacterial cellulose (BC), collagen (COL), apatite (Ap) and osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) or its C-terminal pentapeptide [OGP(10-14)] for bone regeneration purposes. The BC-COL nanocomposites were successfully obtained by carbodiimide-mediated coupling as demonstrated by spectroscopy analysis. SEM, FTIR and 31P NMR analyses revealed that in situ synthesis to apatite was an effective route for obtaining of bone-like apatite. The OGP-containing (BC-COL)-Ap stimulated the early development of the osteoblastic phenotype. Additionally, the association among collagen, apatite, and OGP peptides enhanced cell growth compared with OGP-containing BC-Ap. Furthermore, none of the nanocomposites showed cytotoxic, genotoxic or mutagenic effects. These promising results suggest that the (BC-COL)-Ap associated with OGP peptides might be considered a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.

Antimicrobial Brazilian Propolis (EPP-AF) Containing Biocellulose Membranes as Promising Biomaterial for Skin Wound Healing.

Among remarkable discoveries concerning propolis, such as antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, its anti-inflammatory, and mainly its antibacterial, properties deserve special attention when skin wound healing is concerned. Based on this and knowing the distinctive performance of bacterial (BC) membranes on wound healing, in this work it is proposed to demonstrate the potent antimicrobial activity and wound healing properties of a novel propolis containing biocellulose membrane. The obtained propolis/BC membrane was able to adsorb propolis not only on the surface, but also in its interstices demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravidimetric assays. Additionally, the polyphenolic compounds determination and the prominent antibacterial activity in the membrane are demonstrated to be dose dependent, supporting the possibility of obtaining propolis/BC membranes at the desired concentrations, taking into consideration its application and its skin residence time. Finally, it could be suggested that propolis/BC membrane may favor tissue repair in less time and more effectively in contaminated wounds.

Diagnóstico e tratamento precoce da Classe III: relato de caso clínico / Class III diagnosis and early treatment: case report

No estudo das más oclusões, podem estar presentes tanto alterações dentárias como esqueléticas. Nos casos de má oclusão Classe III pode-se observar retrusão maxilar, protrusão mandibular ou a combinação destes sinais, e, muitas vezes associadas a uma atresia maxilar que geralmente se manifesta por mordidas cruzadas anteriores, posteriores, uni ou bilaterais. Este relato de caso clínico tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos no perfil facial e na oclusão da terapia ortodôntica interceptativa. O tratamento realizado com expansão do arco superior e protração maxilar foi executado em idade bastante jovem para que atuasse efetivamente no sistema sutural circumaxilar e o efeito ortopédico fosse facilitado. A máscara facial utilizada apoia-se em dois pontos da face e permite um reposicionamento maxilar anterior. A colaboração do paciente é importante para alcançar o sucesso do tratamento, isto porque o tempo de uso da máscara ainda nesta fase de crescimento e desenvolvimento é primordial para que os efeitos faciais e oclusais aconteçam. É importante ressaltar que os pacientes com má oclusão de Angle Classe III devem ser acompanhados até o final do crescimento...

In malocclusion studies, may happen not only dental discrepancies but even skeletal discrepancies. In Class III malocclusion can be observed underdeveloped maxilla, mandible protraction or both of them, and, in most of the times associated with a narrow maxilla that causes anterior or posterior crossbites, in one side or in two sides. The aim of this case report is to evaluate the facial profile and occlusal effects of interceptive orthodontics therapy. The treatment with upper arch expansion and maxilla protraction was done in an early age to be effective in the circummaxillary sutural system and to make the orthopedic effect easier. The facial mask used is positioned on two facial points and allows an anterior maxillary replacement. Patients' compliance is important to reach treatment success, this because using the mask still in this growth and development phase is essential to make the facial and occlusal effects happen. It is important to mention that patients with Angle Class III malocclusion need to be followed till the end of their growth...

Characterization and in vitro evaluation of bacterial cellulose membranes functionalized with osteogenic growth peptide for bone tissue engineering.

The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes functionalized with osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) and its C-terminal pentapeptide OGP[10-14], and to evaluate in vitro osteoinductive potential in early osteogenesis, besides, to evaluate cytotoxic, genotoxic and/or mutagenic effects. Peptide incorporation into the BC membranes did not change the morphology of BC nanofibers and BC crystallinity pattern. The characterization was complemented by Raman scattering, swelling ratio and mechanical tests. In vitro assays demonstrated no cytotoxic, genotoxic or mutagenic effects for any of the studied BC membranes. Culture with osteogenic cells revealed no difference in cell morphology among all the membranes tested. Cell viability/proliferation, total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assays indicated that BC-OGP membranes enabled the highest development of the osteoblastic phenotype in vitro. In conclusion, the negative results of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity indicated that all the membranes can be employed for medical supplies, mainly in bone tissue engineering/regeneration, due to their osteoinductive properties.

Evaluation of n-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive in rat subcutaneous tissue.

BACKGROUND: Tissue adhesives have been widely used for wound closure, especially in children, because they are painless, fast, and easy to use and result in minimal scarring. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biocompatibility of an adhesive based on n-butyl-cyanoacrylate in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two surgical sites were prepared (approximately 3 cm apart): one on the left side of the animal and the other on the right side); polyethylene tubes were implanted in each surgical site. The tube on the left was filled with n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (treated group) and the tube on the right side was unfilled (control group). After 7, 30, and 120 days, the animals were killed, and the specimens were processed for histologic analysis. RESULTS: No significant inflammatory reaction occurred in the treated group, showing results similar to the control group. CONCLUSION: This adhesive based on n-butyl-cyanoacrylate is biocompatible in the subcutaneous tissue of rats.

Sequelas em dentes permanentes após trauma nos predecessores decíduos e sua implicação clínica / Sequelaes in permanent teeth following traumatic injuries to primary predecessors and clinical implication

A necrose pulpar representa a cessação dos processos metabólicos do tecido pulpar, desestruturação e concomitante perda de suas defesas naturais. A partir da necrose pulpar, a cavidade pulpar torna-se progressivamente colonizada por vários micro-organismos habitantes da cavidade bucal e sistemas interligados. Assim, os dentes com necrose pulpar e áreas radiolúcidas periapicais apresentam inúmeros morfotipos microbiológicos no sistema de canais radiculares. Não obstante, de longa data, tem sido questionada a sobrevivência de micro-organismos nos granulomas periapicais. Nesta revisão, verificou-se que na atualidade, pela técnica da cultura microbiológica ou por métodos moleculares, cocos, bacilos e filamentosos, gram-negativos e positivos, predominantemente anaeróbios estritos, identificados no sistema de canais radiculares, também são recuperados na região periapical. Esses micro-organismos também são identificados pela coloração de Brown e Brenn ou pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura no ápice radicular e na estrutura da lesão, numa frequência que oscila de 4% a 100%. Estruturalmente, organizam-se num material amorfo, iodoso, de composição polissacarídica - os biofilmes periapicais.

Starting from the pulp necrosis the pulp cavity becomes progressively colonized by several microorganisms' inhabitants of the oral cavity and interconectives systems. Thus, the teeth with pulp necrosis and radiolucencies periapical areas present countless microbiological morfotypes in the root canal system. Nevertheless, of long date, the survival of the microorganisms in the periapical granuloms has been questioned. In this review it was verified that currently, by culture or molecular methods that the coccus, bacilli and filamentous, gram-negative and positive, predominantly strict anaerobes, identified in the root canal system also are recovered in the periapical lesions. Such microorganisms are also identified for the coloration of Brown and Brenn or for the scanning electronic microscopy in the root apex and in the structure of the lesion, in a frequency that oscillates from 4% to 100%. Structurally, they are organized in an amorphous material, muddy, of polysaccharide composition- the periapical biofilms.

Considerações sobre o uso do piercing lingual / Considerations regarding the use of tongue piercing

OBJETIVO: Verificar as implicações do uso do piercing lingual em indivíduos da cidade de Araraquara, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A cidade de Araraquara, São Paulo possui cinco estabelecimentos para colocação de piercing, dos quais apenas dois autorizaram a realização da pesquisa e permitiram acesso a listagem dos usuários de piercing lingual. Os usuários foram contatados pelo telefone. Ao final do estudo a amostra esteve composta por 100 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, que fazem ou fizeram uso do piercing lingual. Para levantamento das informações utilizou-se um formulário, com seis questões objetivas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes, 77 indivíduos usavam piercing lingual há mais de seis meses. O tempo de cicatrização após a colocação do adereço foi abaixo de quatro meses, sendo que, 68 pessoas utilizaram enxaguatórios bucais e 19, além deste, utilizaram analgésicos. Apenas 11 pessoas não apresentaram sintomas após as primeiras semanas decorrentes da colocação do piercing e 56 indivíduos relataram complicações como aumento da salivação, dificuldade na fala, fraturas dentárias, traumas na gengiva ou mucosa e dificuldades na alimentação. CONCLUSÃO: Frente às implicações apresentadas pelo uso do piercing lingual justifica-se o despendimento de esforços na orientação de jovens frente à opção de utilização de piercing na cavidade oral.

OBJECTIVE: Investigated the consequences of tongue piercing in individuals from the city of Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: In Araraquara there are five piercing shops, but only two agreed to help the research by providing the contact information of customers who had had their tongues pierced. These customers were contacted by telephone. By the end of the research, the sample consisted of 100 individuals from both genders aged 18 years or more. Not all of them still had their tongue piercing. A form with six objective questions was used to collect information. The information was then analyzed by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: From the 100 participants, 77 had been using tongue piercing for more than 6 months. It took less than 4 months for the tongue to heal. Sixty-eight individuals used oral rinses and of these, 19 also used painkillers. Only 11 individuals did not present symptoms after the first weeks using the piercing. On the other hand, 56 individuals reported complications such as increased salivation, speaking difficulties, gingival or mucosal traumas, dental fractures and eating difficulties. CONCLUSION: All these tongue-piercing complications justify efforts to inform the youth about the use of piercing in the oral cavity.

Adesivos à base de cianoacrilato para síntese de tecido mole / Cyanoacrylate adhesives for the synthesis of soft tissue

Fundamentos - Adesivos teciduais têm sido muito usados para síntese de ferida, em função de ser um método indolor, rápido e de fácil execução. Objetivos-Analisar e comparar compatibilidade dos adesivos, etil- cianoacrilato (Super Bonder) e butilcianoacrilato (Histoacryl), e a reparação de incisões em dorso de ratos entre o fio de sutura e os respectivos adesivos. Métodos - Foram usados 15 ratos. Realizaram-se duas lojas cirúrgicas no dorso. Em cada uma, foi implantado um tubo de polietileno (10mm x 1mm), os quais foram preenchidos com os adesivos Super Bonder (lado direito) e Histoacryl (lado esquerdo). As incisões, do lado esquerdo, foram coaptadas com Super Bonder, e as do lado direito, com Histoacryl. Uma incisão mediana, entre as duas incisões,foi realizada e suturada com fio de seda. Os animais foram mortos, depois de 7(sete), 35(trinta) e 120 (cento e vinte dia) dias. Resultados: Os adesivos usados, no presente estudo, não promoveram reação inflamatória, quando usados para síntese das incisões. Porém, estes adesivos, quando implantados no subcutâneo, promoveram reação inflamatória até 120 (cento e vinte dia) dias, no entanto, a reação é mais intensa com Histoacryl. Conclusões: Super Bonder e Histoacryl permitem o processo cicatricial dos tecidos incisados; facilitam a sutura das incisões. Desta forma, estes podem ser utilizados para sínteses de feridas, lacerações ou incisões cutâneas.

Background: Tissue adhesives have been used for the synthesis of wound due to their painless application and quick and easy handling. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the compatibility of the adhesives ethylcyanoacrylate (Super Bonder) and butyl-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl), and to compare the reparation of incisions in the dorsum of rats with suture and the respective adhesives. Methods: Fifteen rats were used. Two surgical pockets were created in their dorsum. A polyethylene tube (10mm x 1mm) was implanted in each one. Each tube was filled with the adhesives Super Bonder(left side) and Histoacryl (right side). The incisions on the left side were closed with Super Bonder, and the incisions on the right side, with Histoacryl. A median incision between the two other incisions was made and closed with braided silk suture. The animals were killed after, 7, 35 and 120 days. Results: The adhesives used in the present study did not promote inflammatory reaction when used for the synthesis of incisions. However, when implanted subcutaneously, they caused an inflammatory reaction within 120 days. Reaction is more severe with Histoacryl. Conclusions: Super Bonder and Histoacryl can be used effectively in the healing of incised tissues; they aid in the suture of incisions. However, these adhesives can be used for the synthesis of wounds, lacerations or cutaneous incisions.

Considerações sobre a etiologia da classe II subdivisão / Considerations about the etiology of the class II subdivision malocclusion

É um desafio o tratamento ortodôntico da Classe Il subdivisão devido à relação oclusal assimétrica (Classe II de um lado da arcada dentária e Classe I do outro) e a dificuldade em diagnosticar seus fatores etiológicos. Com o objetivo de facilitar ao ortodontista o tratamento da Classe II subdivisão foi realizada uma pesquisa sobre a etiologia desta má-oclusão. Foram pesquisados vários bancos de dados eletrônicos (Pubmed, Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane, Scopus) e realizadas pesquisas secundárias. Osdados coletados demonstraram que nesta má-oclusão existe uma predominância de alterações dentoalveolares que envolvemprincipalmente o arco inferior, com o molar inferior posicionado mais posterior no lado da Classe II e um desvio de linha média dentária inferior para o lado da Classe II.Secundariamente existe uma assimetria no arco superior, com molar mais mesializado no lado da Classe II e um desvio de linha média dentária para o lado da Classe I. Portanto, a Classe II subdivisão tem uma etiologia primordialmente dentoalveolar inferior, secundariamente dentoalveolar superior e casualmente esquelética. Quandopresente, a alteração esquelética é suave e compromete principalmente a mandíbula.

The orthodontic treatment of the Class II subdivision malocclusion is challenging due to the asymmetrical occlusal relationship (Class II on one side of the dental arch and Class I on the other side) and to the complexity in the diagnosis of its etiological factors. The objective of the actual study was to bring information that facilitates the orthodontist to accomplish the Class II subdivisionmalocclusion treatment. Electronic data sources available were examined (Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus) as well as secondary sources searched. The data collected indicate that in this malocclusion there is a predominance of dentoalveolaralterations which involve mainly the mandibular arch with the mandibular molar positioned more posterior on the side of the Class II and a shift of the mandibular dental medline towards the side of the Class II. Secondary there was an. asymmetry in the maxillaryarch, with greater mesial migration of the maxillary molar on the side of the Class II and a dental midline shift towards the side of the Class I. Therefore, the etiology of the Class II subdivision malocclusion is primarily dentoaveolar mandibular; secondarilydentoalveolar maxillary and occasionally skeletal. When the skeletal asymmetry is present, it is slight and it mainly compromises the mandible.

Adaptações musculares após tratamento com aparelhos funcionais / Muscular adaptations after functional appliance therapy

A má-oclusão de Classe II é um dos problemas ortodônticos mais frequentes e a retrusão mandibular é a causa mais comum deste tipo de má-oclusão. Um tratamento capaz de estimular o crescimento mandibular é indicado para estes pacientes. Os aparelhosortopédicos funcionais são utilizados com o objetivo de corrigir as alterações morfológicas dos ossos maxilares e dos dentes e adequar à função muscular da face neste tipo de má-oclusão. Entretanto, ainda existem muitas controvérsias a este respeito,como qual o melhor período para o início do tratamento, o modo de ação e as alterações musculares ocorridas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica em relação às alterações musculares induzidas por aparelhos funcionais de protrusãomandibular, uma vez que tem sido de grande interesse avaliar as mudanças na atividade da musculatura orofacial durante a terapia com aparelhos funcionais para determinar como estes aparelhos funcionam em termos de adaptação muscular.

Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems. The most consistent diagnostic finding in Class II malocclusion is mandibular skelelal retrusion. lt is well recognized that mandibular growth can be influenced favorably with a variety of functional appliances. This treatment response is considered to be the result of both skeletal and neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, there is still much controversy regarding the changes of muscular activity produced by functional appliances. The aim of this review of lhe literature was to assess muscular alterations induced by functional appliances once it has been of great interest to investigate changes in lhe orofacial muscle activity during functional jaw orthopedic treatment to determine how such so-called "growth guidance" appliances work in terms of the adaptation of muscle function.

Aparelho de Herbst: uma opção eficiente para o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II divisão I / Herbst appliance: an effective option for the treatment of Class II malocclusion

A grande frequência da má oclusão de classe II faz com que essa continue sendo objeto de inúmeros estudos. Vários aparelhos têm sido propostos para a correção dessa má oclusão, entretanto, aqueles que não dependem da colaboração do paciente tornaram-se a escolha preferencial de muitos ortodontistas. Um desses dispositivos é o aparelho de Herbst, que com seu mecanismo telescópio bilateral, mantém a mandíbula posicionada anteriormente de forma contínua, durante todas as funções mandibulares. Dessa forma, por não depender da colaboração do paciente, apresenta como grande vantagem a redução do tempo de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso clínico de uma paciente com má oclusão de Classe II divisão I com retrusão mandibular, na fase da dentadura mista, que foi tratada com o aparelho de Herbst.

[Cyanoacrylate adhesives for the synthesis of soft tissue]. / Adesivos à base de cianoacrilato para síntese de tecido mole.

BACKGROUND: Tissue adhesives have been used for the synthesis of wound due to their painless application and quick and easy handling. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the compatibility of the adhesives ethylcyanoacrylate (Super Bonder) and butyl-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl), and to compare the reparation of incisions in the dorsum of rats with suture and the respective adhesives. METHODS: Fifteen rats were used. Two surgical pockets were created in their dorsum. A polyethylene tube (10mm x 1mm) was implanted in each one. Each tube was filled with the adhesives Super Bonder(left side) and Histoacryl (right side). The incisions on the left side were closed with Super Bonder, and the incisions on the right side, with Histoacryl. A median incision between the two other incisions was made and closed with braided silk suture. The animals were killed after, 7, 35 and 120 days. RESULTS: The adhesives used in the present study did not promote inflammatory reaction when used for the synthesis of incisions. However, when implanted subcutaneously, they caused an inflammatory reaction within 120 days. Reaction is more severe with Histoacryl. CONCLUSIONS: Super Bonder and Histoacryl can be used effectively in the healing of incised tissues; they aid in the suture of incisions. However, these adhesives can be used for the synthesis of wounds, lacerations or cutaneous incisions.

Órgãos linfóides do trato respiratório superior: desenvolvimento normal, alterações e influências funcionais / Lymphocyte organs of the upper respiratory tract: normal development, alterations and functional influences

Problemas posturais de cabeça, mandíbula, lábios e língua, assim como alterações no padrão respiratório nasal, podem ser resultado da hipertrofia dos órgãos linfóides denominados tonsilas, mais conhecidos como amídalas e adenóide. Sua importância clínica no cotidiano ortodôntico é relevante devido as influências em relação ao padrão facial, diagnóstico e plano de tratamento.As tonsilas são estruturas linfóides que, quando hipertrofiados, são mencionadas constantemente na literatura ortodôntica como obstrutoras do espaço faríngeo e, de modo geral, essas pesquisas concordam que a hipertrofia dessas estruturas dificulta a respiração nasal, resultando em respiração bucal. Com base nesses conceitos, este trabalho tem o objetivo de elucidar de uma forma objetiva a influência que esses órgãos linfóides, quando hipertrofiados, exercem sobre o padrão facial esquelético.

Postural problems of head, neck, jaw, lips and cheeks as well as lack of nasal respiratory function can be some outcome of hypertrophy of the lymphocyte organs or tonsils. Its clinical relevance in the orthodontic practice is due to its influence exerted on maxillofacial development and growth, as well as on diagnosis and plan of treatment. Tonsils are lymphocyte structures quoted in orthodontic literature as obstructive structures of pharyngeal space when hypertrophied. In general way, researchers agree that this hypertrophy hampers nasal breathing, establishing mouth breathing and leading to maxillofacial development and growth changes. Based on these concepts, this article intends to make a literature survey to elucidate in a clear and objective way the influence of these lymphocyte hypertrophied organs on facial development.

Tratamento da atresia maxilar em pacientes adultos: relato de caso clínico / Treatment of adult patients with maxillary constriction: a case report

A expansão rápida da maxila, terapia que emprega forças ortopédicas para a disjunção da sutura palatina, é o procedimento mais comumente utilizado no tratamento das deficiências transversais da maxila. No tratamento de crianças e adolescentes com atresia maxilar a expansão rápida da maxila é efetiva. Em pacientes adultos, embora com exceções, é freqüente a ocorrência de insucessos (resistência a expansão, dor, inclinação dentoalveolar, instabilidade oclusal). Nesses pacientes a expansão rápida da maxila pode ser realizada por meio de procedimento cirúrgico, o que permite obter disjunção da maxila ao eliminar a resistência estrutural dos ossos da face e base do crânio com resultados clínicos satisfatórios.

Effects of fibrin sealer and resorbable gelatin on the repair of osseous defects in rat tibia.

Gelfoam - a biologically resorbable gelatin sponge - has the function of restricting hemorrhage, providing platelet rupture, and supporting fibrin threads. Beriplast - a fibrinogen-thrombin compound - is used to adhere tissues, to consolidate sutures and in hemostasis. The objective of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the effects of haemostatic agents on osseous repair. These materials were inserted into surgical sites in young rat right and left tibiae. After the observation periods of 7, 14, 30 and 45 days, according to the bioethic protocol, the animals were killed, the tibiae were removed and fixed in 10% formalin and decalcified in equal parts of formic acid and sodium citrate solutions. After routine processing, the specimens were embedded in paraffin for microtomy. Analysis of the results demonstrated that the haemostatic agents are effective in controlling hemorrhage; they stimulate osteogenesis, featuring a pattern of osseous tissue formation similar to the control pattern, although the amount of osseous trabeculae was superior, especially in the Gelfoam group in the periods of 7 and 14 days; 30 days after surgery, the delay in tissue healing in the control group in relation to the experimental groups started to decrease, and the control and experimental groups exhibited similar tissue repair after 45 days, when all the groups exhibited secondary osseous tissue.

Effects of fibrin sealer and resorbable gelatin on the repair of osseous defects in rat tibia

Gelfoam® - a biologically resorbable gelatin sponge - has the function of restricting hemorrhage, providing platelet rupture, and supporting fibrin threads. Beriplast® - a fibrinogen-thrombin compound - is used to adhere tissues, to consolidate sutures and in hemostasis. The objective of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the effects of haemostatic agents on osseous repair. These materials were inserted into surgical sites in young rat right and left tibiae. After the observation periods of 7, 14, 30 and 45 days, according to the bioethic protocol, the animals were killed, the tibiae were removed and fixed in 10 percent formalin and decalcified in equal parts of formic acid and sodium citrate solutions. After routine processing, the specimens were embedded in paraffin for microtomy. Analysis of the results demonstrated that the haemostatic agents are effective in controlling hemorrhage; they stimulate osteogenesis, featuring a pattern of osseous tissue formation similar to the control pattern, although the amount of osseous trabeculae was superior, especially in the Gelfoam group in the periods of 7 and 14 days; 30 days after surgery, the delay in tissue healing in the control group in relation to the experimental groups started to decrease, and the control and experimental groups exhibited similar tissue repair after 45 days, when all the groups exhibited secondary osseous tissue.

Gelfoam® - uma esponja de gelatina biologicamente reabsorvível - tem por função coibir as hemorragias, promover o rompimento de plaquetas e sustentar a rede de fibrina. Beriplast P® - um composto de fibrinogênio-trombina - é usado na adesão de tecidos, consolidação de suturas e hemostasia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar histologicamente os efeitos de agentes hemostáticos na reparação óssea, os quais foram colocados em lojas cirúrgicas nas tíbias direita e esquerda de ratos jovens. Após os períodos de observação de 7, 14, 30 e 45 dias, segundo o protocolo bioético, os animais foram sacrificados, as tíbias foram removidas e fixadas em formalina a 10 por cento e descalcificadas em partes iguais de soluções de ácido fórmico e citrato de sódio, para inclusão em parafina e microtomia. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que os agentes hemostáticos têm eficácia no controle hemorrágico; eles estimulam a osteogênese, provocando um padrão de formação de tecido ósseo semelhante ao padrão do grupo controle, embora a quantidade de trabéculas ósseas tenha sido superior principalmente no grupo do Gelfoam, nos períodos de 7 e 14 dias; após os 30 dias da cirurgia, o retardo na reparação tecidual do grupo controle em relação aos grupos experimentais começou a decrescer, tornando-se a reparação tecidual daquele semelhante à destes aos 45 dias, quando todos os grupos apresentaram tecido ósseo secundário.

Dimensión Vertical de la Región Anterior de la Mandíbula / Vertical Dimension in the Anterior Region of the Mandible

Realizamos mediciones de la región de la sínfisis mentoniana, en 308 mandíbulas secas: 247 pertenecientes a la colección del museo de cráneos de disciplina de Anatomía de la UNIFESP- Escuela Paulista de Medicina- EPM y 61 pertenecientes al laboratorio didáctico de la disciplina de Anatomía de la Facultad de Odontología de Araraquara- UNESP. En las mandíbulas dentadas, el mayor valor encontrado fue de 43,46 mm y el menor de 22,67 mm. En las mandíbulas desdentadas, el mayor valor encontrado fue de 37,24 mm y el menor de 6,22 mm.Esperamos poder contribuir para el mejor conocimiento de la región de la sínfisis mentoniana, tanto para los profesionales de las áreas de Cirugía e Implantología, como para los industriales de áreas afines, para la confección de instrumentales utilizados en estas prácticas.

We made some measurements from the region of the symphysis menti in 308 dried mandibles; 247 belong to the collection of the cranial museum of the discipline of Anatomy of the UNIFESP- Escola Paulista de Medicina- EPM and 61 belong to the didactic laboratory of the discipline of Anatomy from the Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara- UNESP, Brasil. On the dentate mandibles, the highest value founded was of 43,46 mm and the lowest of 22,67 mm. On the edentate mandibles, the highest value founded was of 37,24 mm and the lowest of 6,22mm. We hope that with the following discoveries we could contribute to a better knowledge of the symphysis menti region, not only to the professionals in Surgery and Implantology areas, but the industrials of related areas, to the confection of instruments used in these practices.